Glycolic acid

Glycolic acid is one of the most effective and widely used alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) in skincare. It’s a chemical exfoliant known for improving skin texture, radiance, and promoting cell renewal — commonly used in brightening, anti-aging, and acne-control formulations.

Key Cosmetic Functions

1. Exfoliation: Loosens and removes dead skin cells by breaking bonds between corneocytes, promoting smoother and brighter skin.

2. Skin Renewal: Stimulates collagen synthesis, improving firmness and elasticity.

3. Pigmentation Control: Helps fade dark spots, melasma, and uneven tone.

4. Acne Control: Clears clogged pores and reduces comedones by improving skin shedding.

5. Enhances Absorption: Boosts penetration of other actives such as niacinamide, panthenol, or hyaluronic acid.
   Formulation Guidelines
   Typical Use Level: 1–10% (home care); up to 30–70% (professional peels only)
   pH Range: 3.0–4.0 for safe cosmetic use
   Solvent: Water (acid is fully water-soluble)
   Add Phase: Water phase
   Compatibility: Avoid with peptides, pure vitamin C, or retinoids in the same formula
   Do Not Mix With: Very basic or strongly cationic ingredients (they deactivate the acid)
   Safety Profile
   Can cause irritation at low pH or high concentration. Always adjust pH to ≥ 3.5 for over-the-counter (OTC) products. Avoid contact with the eye area and use sun protection during daytime. Patch testing is recommended before use.